Mindfulness to regulate emotions

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Mindfulness to regulate emotions
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п»ї<title>Biography of Alfred Adler, the creator of individual psychology.</title>
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Alfred Adler was a Viennese physician who had a great impact on theories about the human mind. Together with Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung he closes the circle of “the big three” or, in other words, of the founders of what is known as “depth psychology”.
Adler was born in Vienna (Austria) on February 7, 1870. He was the second of six children. His father was a Jewish grain merchant and his mother a housewife. He spent his childhood in the suburbs of the Austrian capital. He was in fragile health, suffering from rickets, and was also hit by a car on one occasion.
“Experience is one of the causes of success or failure. We do not suffer the impact of our experiences, called traumas, but adapt them to our purposes.”
-Alfred Adler
One of his brothers died of diphtheria when he was 4 years old and he did not get sick, even though they slept in the same bed. However, when he was 5 years old, he contracted a brutal pneumonia that scarred him forever. It was then that he made the decision to become a doctor. Otherwise, he was a normal child who distinguished himself by being very extroverted and playful. He was not particularly inclined to study, but he was very competitive.
He received his medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1895. He started working as an ophthalmologist. He came into contact with people who were visually impaired and there his ideas about the human mind began to take shape. Later he changed to general medicine and there he treated circus people, which also influenced his ideas of inferiority and superiority, which he would later develop. He later practiced as a neurologist and then as a psychiatrist.
The meeting between Alfred Adler and FreudThanks to his medical practice, Alfred Adler became interested in the phenomena of the human mind. Without yet having a clear objective, the young Viennese physician began to collect material on the physical and psychological consequences of disabilities or organic limitations. In 1902 he met Sigmund Freud personally and was very attracted by his ideas.
Freud himself invited him to join his inner circle. Alfred Adler began to participate in the famous get-togethers at Freud’s house, or the “Wednesday Psychological Society”, later to be called the “Vienna Psychoanalytic Association”. In 1904 he expresses the first disagreements with Freudian theory, but remains within the psychoanalytic society at the express request of his mentor.
In 1910 he began to edit the “Journal of Psychoanalysis”, together with Freud and Stekel. Adler was the editor of the journal. Tensions with Freud’s theory grew and in August 1911 he decided to leave traditional psychoanalysis for good. He announces it through an editorial in the journal he edited.
Adler’s disagreements with classical psychoanalytic theoryAlfred Adler shared many of Sigmund Freud’s postulates. In fact, he never fully disassociated himself from them. However, he also had serious misgivings about certain emphases and approaches of the father of psychoanalysis. Basically, he disagreed on two major points:
Adler did not believe that the sexual was the essential regulator of human behavior.
Nor did he believe in the absolute determinism of the unconscious.
Unlike Freud, Adler thought that the basic drive of the human being was the will to power and not the sexual instinct. His thinking was strongly influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche. He was convinced that the will to power in human beings was as or even more important than the sex drive. He argued that its frustration gave rise to an inferiority complex, which eventually became the breeding ground for various psychological disorders.
At the same time, Alfred Adler rejected the idea that the first experiences were fixed in the unconscious and became the determinants of psychic life. On the contrary, he placed great value on the individual’s ability to direct and give meaning to his life in the here and now.
Adler laid the foundations of his theory based on what he had observed in his patients. Many of them had a long history of physical limitations. In this sense, he found that while some converted these experiences into sufficient motivation to develop original ways of compensating for them, others remained anchored to their frustrations and were unable to move forward. From this, Adler gave enormous importance to the human will to overcome difficulties.
Alfred Adler’s individual psychologyAdler founded the “Free Psychoanalytic Society” in 1911, which in 1912 was renamed the “Society of Individual Psychology”. The name individual psychology may seem contradictory since Adler attaches great importance to social and environmental factors in the formation and well-being of individuals. In this sense, the label individual is coined and identified with Adler because he thought that although this social influence was great, it had a different effect on each person. A reasoning similar to the one we made before with disability.
One of the first concepts postulated by Alfred Adler was that of “compensation”. It was based on the model of “constitutional pathology” and stated that the body, on its own, provides compensation for any organic inadequacy. That compensation, in principle, took place in the mind and then translated to the body. As an ophthalmologist, he himself noticed that several patients, with significant vision deficiencies, became excellent readers.
The main force in every individual is the will to power, according to Adler. However, when this drive is frustrated, what he calls the “inferiority complex” appears. It is a neurotic feeling of inability or incompetence, derived from experiences and environment. To compensate for this condition, a “superiority complex” also arises whereby the individual develops perceptions and desires that are disproportionately high for his own person.
In such cases, the process of compensation gives rise to two options. One, that the individual compensates for his feeling of inferiority by developing new potentialities. The other is that the individual becomes trapped in his feeling of inferiority and develops an unhealthy superiority complex that leads to cynicism, frustration, indolence and even crime.
Alfred Adler’s legacyAlfred Adler’s theories had a great impact on his time. They not only gained great popularity in Europe, but also in the United States, where he was a successful lecturer and even a professor at prestigious universities. This despite the fact that his books and ideas were outlawed in his homeland and in various parts of Europe during the rise of Nazism.
The emphasis on the individual’s will and capacity to modify his or her destiny had a great impact on later currents, such as humanistic psychology, Erich Fromm’s social psychoanalysis and Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy. Likewise, many of its postulates are recurrently used by the so-called “self-help” psychology.
The basic approaches of individual psychology were enshrined in the work “The Neurotic Character”, published in 1912. Other works that reflect Adler’s legacy are “The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology” (1920); “Knowledge of Man” (1926); “Understanding Human Nature” (1928-1930); “The Education of Children” (1929); “The Science of Living” (1957); and “Superiority and Social Interest” (posthumous work of 1965).
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